乔治·戈登·拜伦（1788－1824）是苏格兰贵族。1788年1月23日出生于伦敦。他天生跛一足，并对此很敏感。十岁时，拜伦家族的世袭爵位及产业（纽斯泰德寺院是其府邸）落到他身上，成为拜伦第六世勋爵。1805－1808年在剑桥大学学文学及历史，他是个不正规的学生，很少听课，却广泛阅读了欧洲和英国的文学、哲学和历史著作，同时也从事射击、赌博、饮酒、打猎、游泳等各种活动。1809年3月，他作为世袭贵族进入了贵族院，他出席议院和发言的次数不多，但这些发言都鲜明地表示了拜伦的自由主义的进步立场。

　　从1809－1811，拜伦出国作东方的旅行，是为了要“看看人类，而不是只方书本上读到他们”，还为了扫除“一个岛民怀着狭隘的偏见守在家门的有害后果”。在旅途中，他开始写作《恰尔德。哈洛尔德游记》和其他诗篇，并在心中酝酿未来的东方故事诗。《恰尔德。哈洛尔德游记》的第一、二章在1812年2月问世，轰动了文坛，使拜伦一跃成为伦敦社交界的明星。然而这并没有使他和英国的贵族资产阶级妥协。他自早年就自到这个社会及其统治阶级的顽固、虚伪、邪恶及偏见，他的诗一直是对这一切的抗议。

　　1811－1816年，拜伦一直在生活在不断的感情旋涡中。在他到处受欢迎的社交生活中，逢场作戏的爱情俯拾即是，一个年青的贵族诗人的风流韵事自然更为人津津乐道。拜伦在1813年向一位安娜·密尔班克小姐求婚，于1815年1月和她结了婚。这是拜伦一生中所铸的最大的错误。拜伦夫人是一个见解褊狭的、深为其阶级的伪善所宥的人，完全不能理解拜伦的事业和观点。婚后一年，便带着初生一个多月的女儿回到自己家中，拒绝与拜伦同居，从而使流言纷起。以此为契机，英国统治阶级对它的叛逆者拜伦进行了最疯狂的报复，以图毁灭这个胆敢在政治上与它为敌的诗人。这时期的痛苦感受，也使他写出象《普罗米修斯》那样的诗，表示向他的压迫者反抗到底的决心。

　　拜伦在1916年4月永远离开了英国，一个传记作者说他“被赶出了国土，钱带和心灵都破了产 ，他离去了，永不在回；但他离去后，却在若恩河的激流之旁找到新的灵感，在意大利的天空下写出了使他的名字永垂不朽的作品。”

　　1816年，拜伦居住在瑞士，在日内瓦结识了另一个流亡的诗人雪莱，对英国发动统治的憎恨和对诗歌的同好使他们结成了密友。

　　拜伦在旅居国外期间，陆续写成《恰尔德 哈洛尔德游记》（1816-1817）、故事诗《锡雍的囚徒》（1816）、历史悲剧《曼弗雷德》（1817）、长诗《青铜世纪》（1923）等。巨著《唐璜》是拜伦最重要的一组诗，半庄半谐、夹叙夹议，有现实主义的内容，又有奇突、轻松而讽刺的笔凋。第一、二章匿名发表后，立即引起巨大的反响。英国维护资产阶级体面的报刊群起而攻之，指责它对宗教和道德进攻，是“对体面、善良感情和维护社会所必须的行为准则的讥讽”，“令每个正常的头脑厌恶”，等等。

　　但同时，它也受到高度的赞扬。作家瓦尔特·司各特说《唐璜》“象莎士比亚一样地包罗万象，他囊括了人生的每个题目，拨动了神圣的琴上的每一根弦，弹出最细小以至最强烈最震动心灵的调子。”诗人歌德说，“《唐璜》是彻底的天才的作品--愤世到了不顾一切的辛辣程度，温柔到了优美感情的最纤细动人的地步……”。《唐璜》写完第十六章，拜伦已准备献身于希腊的民族解放运动了。

　　这是诗人一生最后的、也是最光辉的一业。他既憎恨发动的“神圣同盟”对欧洲各民族的压迫，也憎恨土尔其对希腊的统治。1824年，拜伦忙于战备工作，不幸遇雨受寒，一病不起，4月9日逝世。他的死使希腊人民深感悲痛，全国志哀二十一天。

　　回顾他的一生，他的诗，他的精神，就足以使任何能感应的人相信：拜伦不但是一个伟大的诗人，而且是世界上总会需要的一种诗人，以嘲笑其较卑劣的，并鼓舞其较崇高的行动。 乔治·戈登·拜伦（1788－1824）是苏格兰贵族。1788年1月23日出生于伦敦。他天生跛一足，并对此很敏感。十岁时，拜伦家族的世袭爵位及产业（纽斯泰德寺院是其府邸）落到他身上，成为拜伦第六世勋爵。1805－1808年在剑桥大学学文学及历史，他是个不正规的学生，很少听课，却广泛阅读了欧洲和英国的文学、哲学和历史著作，同时也从事射击、赌博、饮酒、打猎、游泳等各种活动。1809年3月，他作为世袭贵族进入了贵族院，他出席议院和发言的次数不多，但这些发言都鲜明地表示了拜伦的自由主义的进步立场。

　　从1809－1811，拜伦出国作东方的旅行，是为了要“看看人类，而不是只方书本上读到他们”，还为了扫除“一个岛民怀着狭隘的偏见守在家门的有害后果”。在旅途中，他开始写作《恰尔德。哈洛尔德游记》和其他诗篇，并在心中酝酿未来的东方故事诗。《恰尔德。哈洛尔德游记》的第一、二章在1812年2月问世，轰动了文坛，使拜伦一跃成为伦敦社交界的明星。然而这并没有使他和英国的贵族资产阶级妥协。他自早年就自到这个社会及其统治阶级的顽固、虚伪、邪恶及偏见，他的诗一直是对这一切的抗议。

　　1811－1816年，拜伦一直在生活在不断的感情旋涡中。在他到处受欢迎的社交生活中，逢场作戏的爱情俯拾即是，一个年青的贵族诗人的风流韵事自然更为人津津乐道。拜伦在1813年向一位安娜·密尔班克小姐求婚，于1815年1月和她结了婚。这是拜伦一生中所铸的最大的错误。拜伦夫人是一个见解褊狭的、深为其阶级的伪善所宥的人，完全不能理解拜伦的事业和观点。婚后一年，便带着初生一个多月的女儿回到自己家中，拒绝与拜伦同居，从而使流言纷起。以此为契机，英国统治阶级对它的叛逆者拜伦进行了最疯狂的报复，以图毁灭这个胆敢在政治上与它为敌的诗人。这时期的痛苦感受，也使他写出象《普罗米修斯》那样的诗，表示向他的压迫者反抗到底的决心。

　　拜伦在1916年4月永远离开了英国，一个传记作者说他“被赶出了国土，钱带和心灵都破了产 ，他离去了，永不在回；但他离去后，却在若恩河的激流之旁找到新的灵感，在意大利的天空下写出了使他的名字永垂不朽的作品。”

　　1816年，拜伦居住在瑞士，在日内瓦结识了另一个流亡的诗人雪莱，对英国发动统治的憎恨和对诗歌的同好使他们结成了密友。

　　拜伦在旅居国外期间，陆续写成《恰尔德 哈洛尔德游记》（1816-1817）、故事诗《锡雍的囚徒》（1816）、历史悲剧《曼弗雷德》（1817）、长诗《青铜世纪》（1923）等。巨著《唐璜》是拜伦最重要的一组诗，半庄半谐、夹叙夹议，有现实主义的内容，又有奇突、轻松而讽刺的笔凋。第一、二章匿名发表后，立即引起巨大的反响。英国维护资产阶级体面的报刊群起而攻之，指责它对宗教和道德进攻，是“对体面、善良感情和维护社会所必须的行为准则的讥讽”，“令每个正常的头脑厌恶”，等等。

　　但同时，它也受到高度的赞扬。作家瓦尔特·司各特说《唐璜》“象莎士比亚一样地包罗万象，他囊括了人生的每个题目，拨动了神圣的琴上的每一根弦，弹出最细小以至最强烈最震动心灵的调子。”诗人歌德说，“《唐璜》是彻底的天才的作品--愤世到了不顾一切的辛辣程度，温柔到了优美感情的最纤细动人的地步……”。《唐璜》写完第十六章，拜伦已准备献身于希腊的民族解放运动了。

　　这是诗人一生最后的、也是最光辉的一业。他既憎恨发动的“神圣同盟”对欧洲各民族的压迫，也憎恨土尔其对希腊的统治。1824年，拜伦忙于战备工作，不幸遇雨受寒，一病不起，4月9日逝世。他的死使希腊人民深感悲痛，全国志哀二十一天。

　　回顾他的一生，他的诗，他的精神，就足以使任何能感应的人相信：拜伦不但是一个伟大的诗人，而且是世界上总会需要的一种诗人，以嘲笑其较卑劣的，并鼓舞其较崇高的行动。

  Chaucer'language is vivid and exact.His verse is smooth.His words are easy to understand.He introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types.Especially the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter which was later called the "heroic couplet"to English poetry.Though drawing influence from French,Itanlian and Latin models,he is the first important poet to write in the current English language.Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the foundation for modern English language.

2.What is Pope's position in English literature?

  Pope was known as a great poet in his day.He exerted much influence upon the other writers of the age.He popularized the neoclassical literary tradition,brought from France.He was one of the early representatives of the enlightenment who introduced into English culture the spirit of rationalism and greater interest in the human world.He was a great satirist and a literary critic.He occupied a prominent place in the literary world of his time.The early period of the 18th century has often been named after him as the Age of Pope.His influence on Byron was great and strong,so Byron thought hinghly of him and defended his while he was criticized by some critics in the 19th century.   

jhon milton

TO MR. CYRIACK SKINNER UPON HIS BLINDNESS

by John Milton

Cyriack, this three years day these eys, though clear

To outward view, of blemish or of spot;

Bereft of light thir seeing have forgot,

Nor to thir idle orbs doth sight appear

Of Sun or Moon or Starre throughout the year,

Or man or woman. Yet I argue not

Against heavns hand or will, nor bate a jot

Of heart or hope; but still bear vp and steer

Right onward. What supports me, dost thou ask?

The conscience, Friend, to have lost them overply'd

In libertyes defence, my noble task,

Of which all Europe talks from side to side.

This thought might lead me through the world's vain mask

Content though blind, had I no better guide.

致西里亚克

THE CHIMNEY SWEEPER

 A little black thing in the snow,

 Crying "weep! weep!" in notes of woe!

 "Where are thy father and mother? Say!"--

 "They are both gone up to the church to pray.

 "Because I was happy upon the heath,

 And smiled among the winter's snow,

 They clothed me in the clothes of death,

 And taught me to sing the notes of woe.

 "And because I am happy and dance and sing,

 They think they have done me no injury,

 And are gone to praise God and his priest and king,

 Who make up a heaven of our misery."

       扫烟囱孩子（二）  
   风雪里一个满身乌黑的小东西
   “扫呀，扫呀”在那里哭哭啼啼！
   “你的爹娘上哪儿去了，你讲讲？”
   “他们呀都去祷告了，上了教堂。
   “因为我原先在野地里欢欢喜喜，
   我在冬天的雪地里也总是笑嘻嘻，
   他们就把我拿晦气的黑衣裳一罩，
   他们还教我唱起了悲伤的曲调。 
   
  “因为我显得快活，还唱歌，还跳舞，
   他们就以为并没有把我害苦，
   就跑去赞美了上帝、教士和国王，
   夸他们拿我们苦难造成了天堂。”
  
               选自《经验之歌》

1.       Chaucer is the poet’s poet.

2.       In 16^th century, sonnet was very popular. The representative is three “S”: Sidney, Spenser and Shakespeare.

3.       Laurence Stern is a representative of Sentimentalist. His masterpiece is              

4.       Alexander Pope brought heroic couplet to its ultimate perfection.

5.       Richardson related the story in the way of epistolary while Fielding related the story by himself.

6.       Daniel Defoe is one of the forerunners of  ERL his masterpiece is Robinson Crusoe.

7.        She stoops to conquer is 18^th century best drama written by Oliver Goldsmith.

8.       Songs of innocence and Songs of experience were wrote by William Blake marking the starting of Romanticism.

9.        Romanticism emphasized a lot on Passion, emotion and nature.

10.   Industrial Revolution and the French revolutionary greatly influence Romantic.

11.   About the beginning of the 17^th century appeared a school of poets called “Metaphysical” by Samuel Johnson, the 18^th century writer.

12.   John Donne was the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry.

13.   Except John Donne, other major metaphysical poets of his time include George Herbert, Richard Crashaw and Henry Vaughan.

14.   “To His Coy Mistress” was Andrew Marwell, another metaphysical poet’s work.

15.   A concert is an elaborate and spurring figure of speech, comparing two very dissimilar things.

16.   Metaphysical poetry emphasized intellect or wit as against feeling and emotion.

17.   Metaphysical poets rejected the romantic exaggeration of Elizabethan love poetry.

18.   After the Restoration in 1660, clarity was more admire, so metaphysical poetry was out of favor at that time.

19.   During the 20^th century metaphysical poetry’s fame started to rise.

20.   Metaphysical poets’ language is always rough.

21.   Samual Richardson, Sterne, Gray are all belong to the school of Sentimentalism.

22.   Sentimentalists mainly concerned about people’s life in lower class.

23.   Feilding’s work have the concept that in reality tone.

24.   The character of Tom in Feilding’s work is a frank, open, kind, disinterested, and fough quick-tempered.

25.   Feilding is a master of style. His writing feature is easy, unlabored, and familiar.

26.    Sterne is the representative of Sentimentalism.

27.   “The life and Opinions of Tristran Shandy” is the best work of Sterne in the genre of novel.

28.   In “The life and Opinions of Tristran Shandy”, Sterne used a new form to plan. The narrative is filled with digressions and associations.

29.   A sentimental Journay is another work of Sterne.

30.   Samuel Richarson’s two works ------Pamela and Clarissa-----were both written in the form of epistolary.

31.   Clarissa is characterized by its lofty novel tone, and deep analysis of psychology.

32.   The History of Sir Charles Grandison was written in the genre of novel with a strongly didactic tone.

33.   At the national epic of the English people, Beowulf is a long poem of over 3000 lines and was composed sometime the year 700 and the year 900.

34.   Beowulf is usually considered as England’s national epic and its hero Beowulf is one of the national heroes of the English people.

35.   Shakespeare’s 154 sonnets first appeared in a collection in 1609.

36.   In sonnet NO.18, “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day”, the poet writes beautifully on the conventional theme that his poetry will bring entering to the one he loves and eulogizes.

37.   In sonnet NO.29,the poet complains of his own miseries and dissatisfaction in life and then becomes happy upon the thought of the one he loves.

38.   The English literature can be divided into four periods.

39.   Spenser was recognized as the “poet’s poet”

40.   The Shepeard’s Calendar is Spenser’s first important poem, consisting of 12 eclogues.

41.   “The Faerie Queen” is written in Spenserian stanza that consist of eight iambic pentameter lines followed by ninth line of six iambic feet, with the rhyme scheme ababbcbcc.

42.   Spenser’s Amoretti is a series of 88 sonnets.

43.   Chaucer is a man of affairs and books.

44.   Chaucer’s poetry belongs to both the Middle Age and the Renaissance.

45.   Chaucer opened a brilliant page in English literature and had a profound influence on many important English poets.

46.   Chaucer is the father of modern English poetry.

47.   Chaucer is the first poet who was buried at the poets’ corner of Westminster Abbey.

48.   The Canterbury Tales is Chaucer’s monumental success.

49.   The Canterbury Tales presents 24 tales, not all of them finished.

50.   The Canterbury Tales is influenced by Baccacclo’s Decameron.

51.   The Wife of Bath is Chaucer’s most impressive presentation of a bold, impertinent and independent woman.

52.   The General Prologue of the Canterbury Tales provides a framework for the tales. It contains a group of vivid sketches of typical medieval figures.

53.   Chaucer is the first great poet who wrote in the English language.

54.   “Troilus and Criseyde” is Chaucer’s longest complete poem and his greatest artistic achievement.

55.   Milton completed Paradise Lost and composed the companion epic Paradise Regained and the poetic drama Samson Agonists.

56.    Paradise Lost is Milton’s masterpiece and one of the greatest poems in world literature.

57.   Satan believes that it is “better to reign in Hell than serve in Heaven”. His undaunted spirit and his defiance of authority make him an admirable figure.

58.   Paradise Regained is less impressive than Paradise Lost both in length and theme. The poem is concerned with human salation through Christ.

59.   Paradise was lost because Adam and Eve yielded to the temptations of Satan but it was regained by Jesus’s rejection of these temptations.

60.   In Samson Agonists, Milton employed the Old Testament Story of Samson to sing a song in praise of courage and sacrifice.

61.   In Samson, the reader can find the image of Milton himself-blind, defeated, and yet determined to fight for the chosen cause even at the sacrifice of one’s life.

62.   Milton wrote altogether 24 sonnets and has generally been considered one of the greatest writers of sonnets in the English literature.

63.   Milton wrote two sonnets to Cyriack Skinner.

64.   A few of his sonnets are simply occasional pieces addressed to his friends, most of the others reveal the poet’s innermost thoughts on political or religious or personal problems.

65.   Robert Greene, John Lyly, Thomas kyd and Christopher Marlowe are the members of University Wits. Christopher Marlowe is the most outstanding dramatist among the group.

66.   Thomas Kyd’s The Spanish Tragedy is one of the early masterpieces of English tragedy. He started the tradition of the Elizabethan revenge tragedy.

67.   Shakespeare wrote 37 plays to his credit.

68.   Falstaff is one of the Characters in Shakespeare’s HenryIV.

69.   Shakespeare’s most outstanding comedies are A Midsummer’s Night’s Dream and The Merchant of Venice.

70.   Julius Caesar is Shakespeare’s first major tragedy.

71.   Shakespeare’s four greatest tragedies are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth.

72.   The Tempest is Shakespeare’s last play.

73.   Ben Johnson’s two of his best works are Volpone, or the Fox and The Alchemist.

74.   In Shakespeare’s Sonnet NO.29, the poet complains of his own miseries and dissatisfaction in life and then becomes happy upon the thought of the one he loves.

75.   Since when it grows, and smells, I swear,

Not of itself, but thee  

                   ---------------Ben Johnson’s Song to Celia

76.   Bunyan’s masterpiece---The Pilgrim’s Progress---is a prose allegory depicting the pilgrimage of a human soul in search of salvation.

77.   Vanity Fair has all the vices of a commercial world. At the fair, honors, titles, and all sorts of pleasure are and people have no morals or principles. It appeared in Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress.

78.   The representatives of Realism are Defoe, Fielding, Swift, Sheridan.

79.   The concept of Realism is reality.

80.   The life and Adventures of Robinson Cruse is Daniel Defoe’s masterpiece.

81.   The novel can be read in different ways:①it is a story of sea adventures②Politically,colonial expansion③Culturally, dignity of labor and nature④Religiously:Bible.

82.   Friday is the friend of Crusoe, but they are not equal.

83.   Simple, direct and highly effective prose won Swift’s enormous reputation. His writings are cauterized by satirical vehemence and poetic elegance.

84.   .Swift held a dark view of human nature. He thought of man as “an animal capable of reason” rather than as “a rational animal”.

85.   The Battle of the Books is a humorous satire on the sham scholarship of his day. A Tale of a Tub is another amusing satirical work of Swift.

86.   Swift’s most satirical essay “A Modest Proposal”.

87.   Swift’s masterpiece is Gulliver’s Travels.

88.   Swift’s is the most famous satirical writer.

89.   Swift and Defoe can not be called the maturity of novel in 18^th century.

90.   Among the pamphlets Swift wrote about Ireland, A Modest Proposal, is the actual social struggle against the debasement of the Irish coin.

1.Christopher Marlowe The Passionate shepherd to his love 牧人的情歌

（Christopher Marlowe）                     （ 克里斯托弗） Come live with me and be my love            来，与我同住，做我的爱人 And we will all pleasures prove             我们将证实所有的欢乐 That valleys, groves, hills, fields         冈峦丛林，溪谷田野 Woods, or steepy mountain yields            和危岩峭壁的群山所滋生的 And we will sit upon the rocks              我们将并肩坐在那山石上 Seeing the shepherds feed their flocks      看牧童喂他的羊群 By shallow rivers to whose falls            在浅流小溪旁，与流水相抑扬 Melodious birds sing madrigals              悦耳的小鸟齐声鸣唱情歌 And I will make thee a bed of roses         在那里我要为你砌玫瑰花床 And a thousand fragrant poises              和无数芳香馥郁的花束 A cap of flowers, and a kirtle              制一顶饰有花朵的帽子，一件短裙 Embroidered all with leaves of myrtle       每一处都绣满爱神木的叶子 A gown made of the finest wool              一件上好羊毛织成的长袍 Which from our pretty lambs we pull         从我们漂亮的小羊身上采下 Fair lined slippers for the cold            寒冬时为你送上里衬舒适的拖鞋 With buckles of the purest gold             缝上纯金制成的扣结 A belt of the straw and ivy buds            麦秆与长青藤做你的腰带 With coral clasps and amber studs           珊瑚为钩， 琥珀为钮 If these pleasures may thee move            倘使这些欢乐打动了你 Come live with me and be my love            来， 与我同住， 做我的爱人 The shepherds' swains shall dance and sing  牧童要成群为你歌舞 For thy delight each May morning            在每个五月的清晨为了使你愉悦       If these delights thy mind may move         倘使这些欢乐令你动心 Then come live with me and be my love       来， 与我同住， 做我的爱人

2.莎士比亚

<1>十四行诗第18首 

能不能让我把你比作夏日？

你可是更加可爱，更加温婉，

狂风会吹落五月里开的好花儿，

夏季租出的日子又未免太短暂；

有时候苍天的巨眼又照的太灼热，

他那金彩的脸色也会被遮掩；

每一样美呀，总会离开没而凋谢，

被时机或者自然的代谢所摧残，

但是你永久的夏天决不会凋枯，

你永远不会失去美的形相；

死神夸不着你在他影子里踯躅，

你将在不朽的诗中与时间同长，

只要人类在呼吸，眼睛看得见，

我这诗就活着，使你的生命绵延。

<3>Hamlet's Soliloquy (哈姆雷特的独白)

To be, or not to be- that is the question:
Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer
The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune
Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,
And by opposing end them. To die- to sleep-
No more; and by a sleep to say we end
The heartache, and the thousand natural shocks
That flesh is heir to. 'Tis a consummation
Devoutly to be wish'd. To die- to sleep.
To sleep- perchance to dream: ay, there's the rub!
For in that sleep of death what dreams may come
When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,
Must give us pause. There's the respect
That makes calamity of so long life.
For who would bear the whips and scorns of time,
Th' oppressor's wrong, the proud man's contumely,
The pangs of despis'd love, the law's delay,
The insolence of office, and the spurns
That patient merit of th' unworthy takes,
When he himself might his quietus make
With a bare bodkin? Who would these fardels bear,
To grunt and sweat under a weary life,
But that the dread of something after death-
The undiscover'd country, from whose bourn
No traveller returns- puzzles the will,
And makes us rather bear those ills we have
Than fly to others that we know not of?
Thus conscience does make cowards of us all,
And thus the native hue of resolution
Is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought,
And enterprises of great pith and moment
With this regard their currents turn awry
And lose the name of action.

生存还是毁灭？这是个问题。究竟哪样更高贵，去忍受那狂暴的命运无情的摧残,还是挺身去反抗那无边的烦恼，把它扫一个干净。去死，去睡就结束了，如果睡眠能结束我们心灵的创伤和肉体所承受的千百种痛苦，那真是生存求之不得的天大的好事。去死，去睡，去睡，也许会做梦！唉，这就麻烦了，即使摆脱了这尘世可在这死的睡眠里又会做些什么梦呢？真得想一想，就这点顾虑使人受着终身的折磨,谁甘心忍受那鞭打和嘲弄，受人压迫，受尽侮蔑和轻视，忍受那失恋的痛苦，法庭的拖延，衙门的横征暴敛，默默无闻的劳碌却只换来多少凌辱。但他自己只要用把尖刀就能解脱了。谁也不甘心，呻吟、流汗拖着这残生，可是对死后又感觉到恐惧，又从来没有任何人从死亡的国土里回来，因此动摇了，宁愿忍受着目前的苦难而不愿投奔向另一种苦难。顾虑就使我们都变成了懦夫，使得那果断的本色蒙上了一层思虑的惨白的容颜，本来可以做出伟大的事业，由于思虑就化为乌有了，丧失了行动的能力。

main idea

这是《哈姆雷特》中 丹麦王子的经典独白。
王子面对父亲的猝然离世及母亲的改嫁,及叔父的篡位.他内心充满猜疑,矛盾,犹豫,痛苦.于是说出了这么一句话:
To be or not to be, that's a question
“生存还是毁灭？这是个问题。”

这句话反映出当时他的痛苦、疑惑，对人生充满怀疑，觉得人活着没有意义，自杀更好，可又对死亡很恐惧，不知人死后会不会下地狱。所以在这段独白里，他非常犹豫，思考着“生存还是毁灭”（To be, or not to be），是应该“默然忍受命运暴虐的毒箭" ( suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune), 也就是活着，忍受生老病死和人世的不公；还是"挺身反抗人世无涯的苦难，通过斗争把它们清扫" (to take arms against a sea of troubles,

3.Ben Jonson 

As virtuous men pass mildly away,

     And whisper to their souls to go,

Whilst some of their sad friends do say

     The breath goes now, and some say, No:



So let us melt, and make no noise,

     No tear-floods, nor sigh-tempests move,

'Twere profanation of our joys

     To tell the laity our love.



Moving of th' earth brings harms and fears,

     Men reckon what it did and meant,

But trepidation of the spheres,

     Though greater far, is innocent.



Dull sublunary lovers' love

     (Whose soul is sense) cannot admit

Absence, because it doth remove

     Those things which elemented it.



But we by a love so much refined

     That our selves know not what it is,

Inter-assur'd of the mind,

     Care less, eyes, lips, and hands to miss.



Our two souls therefore, which are one,

     Though I must go, endure not yet

A breach, but an expansion,

     Like gold to aery thinness beat.



If they be two, they are two so

     As stiff twin compasses are two;

Thy soul, the fixed foot, makes no show

     To move, but doth, if th' other do.



And though it in the centre sit,

     Yet when the other far doth roam,

It leans and hearkens after it,

     And grows erect, as that comes home.



Such wilt thou be to me, who must

     Like th' other foot, obliquely run;

Thy firmness makes my circle just,

     And makes me end where I begun.

别离辞：节哀


正如德高人逝世很安然，
对灵魂轻轻的说一声走，
悲伤的朋友们聚在旁边，
有的说断气了，有的说没有。

让我们化了，一声也不作，
泪浪也不翻，叹风也不兴；
那是亵渎我们的欢乐——
要是对俗人讲我们的爱情。

地动会带来灾害和惊恐，
人们估计它干什么，要怎样
可是那些天体的震动，
虽然大得多，什么也不伤。

世俗的男女彼此的相好，
（他们的灵魂是官能）就最忌
别离，因为那就会取消
组成爱恋的那一套东西。

我们被爱情提炼得纯净，
自己都不知道存什么念头
互相在心灵上得到了保证，
再不愁碰不到眼睛、嘴和手。

两个灵魂打成了一片，
虽说我得走，却并不变成
破裂，而只是向外伸延，
像金子打到薄薄的一层。

就还算两个吧，两个却这样
和一副两脚规情况相同；
你的灵魂是定脚．并不像
移动．另一脚一移，它也动。

虽然它一直是坐在中心，
可是另一个去天涯海角，
它就侧了身．倾听八垠；
那一个一回家，它马上挺腰。

你对我就会这样子，我一生
像另外那一脚，得侧身打转；
你坚定，我的圆圈才会准，
我才会终结在开始的地点。

(
The poem “A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning” is about a couple’s parting and the love or a high spiritual level. The subject of the poem is the parting of two lovers. In the poem, the descript_ion of the lover’s love is without a doubt. The author tells his wife not to cry when he leaves, because their love is so much greater than everyone else’ love that can endure separation. 'A Valediction Forbidding Mourning', in which the wit of the metaphysical conceit is used in relation to an intense emotional subject. The effect this has is not to undermine the emotion of the lovers parting. 
《别离辞：节哀》恩爱的夫妻最痛苦的事莫过于分离，但只要想到夫妻即使分别的时间再久，距离再长，他们依然是彼此相连，彼此牵挂，夫随妻动，妻随夫动，那么人们就不需过分为这份别离而悲伤。为了说明这一点，诗人把一对夫妻比作成圆规的两脚。想想看，圆规的两脚是由一个固定轴固定的，这就象征了夫妻之间的结合点，共同点。当要画圆时，必须有一脚固定住，另一脚围着固定的一只旋转。这就表明了夫妻的一方都是随另一方而动的，是以另一方为中心的。二者的密切相连完成了一个完美的圆，夫妻双方走过了一个完美的人生。

<4>The Flea
　　
　　Mark but this flea, and mark in this,
　　How little that which thou deniest me is;
　　Me is sucked first, and now sucks thee,
　　And in this flea our two bloods mingled be;
　　Thou know’st that this cannot be said
　　A sin, or a shame, or loss of maidenhead,
　　Yet this enjoys before it woo,
　　And pampered swells with one blood made of two, 
　　And this ,alas, is more than we would do.
　　
　　Oh stay, three lives in one flea spare,
　　Where we almost, nay more than married are.
　　This flea is you and I, and this 
　　Our marriage bed and marriage temple is;
　　Though parents grudge, and you, we are met.
　　And cloistered in these living walls of jet.
　　Though use make you apt to kill me 
　　Let not to that, self-murder added be,
　　And sacrilege, three sins in killing three.
　　
　　Cruel and sudden, hast thou since
　　Purpled thy nail in blood of innocence?
　　Wherein could this flea guilty be,
　　Except in that drop which it sucked from thee?
　　Yet thou triumph’st and sy’st that thou
　　Find’st not thy self nor me the weaker now;
　　“Tis true; then learn how false fears be;
　　Just so much honor, when you yield’st to me.
　　Will waste, as this flea’s death took life from thee.
 
 
 
跳蚤

看呀，这只跳蚤，叮在这里，
你对我的拒绝多么微不足道；
它先叮我，现在又叮你，
我们的血液在它体内溶和；
你知道这是不能言说的
罪恶、羞耻、贞操的丢失，
它没有向我们请求就得到享受，
饱餐了我们的血滴后大腹便便，
这种享受我们无能企及。

住手，一只跳蚤，三条生命啊，
它的身体不只是见证我们的婚约。
还是你和我，我们的婚床，婚姻的殿堂；
父母怨恨，你不情愿，我们还是相遇，
并躲藏在黝黑的有生命的墙院里。
尽管你会习惯地拍死跳蚤，
千万别，这会杀了我，也增加你的自杀之罪，
杀害三条生命会亵渎神灵。

多么残忍，你毫无犹豫
用无辜的鲜血染红自己的指甲？
它不过吸了你一滴血
罪不至死啊？
你却以胜利者的口吻说
你我并没有因失血而有些虚弱；
的确，担心不过是虚惊一场：
接受我的爱，
你的名誉不会有丝毫损失，
就象跳蚤之死不会让你的生命有所损失
在这首诗中，诗人将亘古传诵的爱情比拟为跳蚤，男女双方通过一种特殊的方式结合在一起
：“它先吮吸你的血液，然后是你，我们的血液在它体内融合在一起。”
这样跳蚤的体内就成为情侣秘密举行婚礼的场所，
而跳蚤身体的膨胀象征着怀孕的妇女，这说明这对情侣在没有正式结婚之前便已享受了肉体之爱，
而此种行为是被世俗所不容的，是“足以令少女失掉首级”的“罪恶和耻辱”。
所以诗中的情侣不敢将他们的关系公诸于世。而看似渺小的跳蚤却远比他们要勇敢得多，
它“在求爱前尽情享乐”，而且敢于将自己“膨胀”的身体显露在人们面前，即使它最终惨死在
“染上紫色血液”的指甲下。相比之下，渺小的跳蚤瞬间显得比自诩为强者却又畏首畏尾的人类强大了许多。
《跳蚤》可以说是一首让人过目不忘的玄学派诗歌，尤其是对于我们这些对美的东西有着偏爱的人来说，
跳蚤的意象实很难让人喜欢起来，相信在文艺复兴时期这样的意象也是
有些另类的。而这种效果正是多恩所希望的。将跳蚤的身体
看作是可以提供隐居场所的“城墙”也是有一定道理的，因为跳蚤既吸了“你”
的血，也吸了“我”的血，在某种意义上来说，“我们”已经融合为一体，而这样的结合是
外人看不到的，因此就不会被人们冠之以“罪恶和耻辱”之名。但很可惜的是最后女方杀死了
跳蚤，也就掐掉了双方的联系，爱情的坚贞不渝受到了置疑，这就符合了多恩爱情诗歌的另一
题材：对爱情的否定。
 
 
 

墓畔哀歌        Elegy Written in a Country  Churchyard

form: iambic  pentemeter

晚钟响起来一阵阵给白昼报丧，
牛群在草原上迂回，吼声起落，
耕地人累了，回家走，脚步踉跄，
把整个世界留给了黄昏与我。

苍茫的景色逐渐从眼前消退，
一片肃穆的寂静盖遍了尘寰，
只听见嗡嗡的甲虫转圈子纷飞，
昏沉的铃声催眠着远处的羊栏。

只听见常春藤披裹的塔顶底下
一只阴郁的柢枭向月亮诉苦，
怪人家无端走进它秘密的住家，
搅扰它这个悠久而僻静的领土。

峥嵘的榆树底下，扁柏的荫里，
草皮鼓起了许多零落的荒堆，
各自在洞窟里永远放下了身体，
小村里粗鄙的父老在那里安睡。

香气四溢的晨风轻松的呼召，
燕子从茅草棚子里吐出的呢喃，
公鸡的尖喇叭，使山鸣谷应的猎号
再不能唤醒他们在地下的长眠。

在他们，熊熊的炉火不再会燃烧，
忙碌的管家妇不再会赶她的夜活；
孩子们不再会“牙牙”的报父亲来到，
为一个亲吻爬倒他膝上去争夺。

往常是：他们一开镰就所向披靡，
顽梗的泥板让他们犁出了垄沟；
他们多么欢欣地赶牲口下地！
他们一猛砍，树木就一棵棵低头！

“雄心”别嘲讽他们实用的操劳，
家常的欢乐，默默无闻的命运；
“豪华”也不用带着轻蔑的冷笑
来听讲穷人的又短有简的生平。

门第的炫耀，有权有势的煊赫，
凡是美和财富所能赋予的好处，
前头都等待着不可避免的时刻：
光荣的道路无非是引导到坟墓。

1.According to the poem "paradise lost"，discuss the theme，the author's intension to create it and the implication that the poem expresses.

  (1).The theme of the poem "paradise lost"is the "Fall of Man",i.e.man's disobedience and the loss of paradise,with its prime cause -satan.

  (2)."Man should find grace." But he must lay hold of it by an act of free will.  The freedom of the will is the keystone of Milton'

  (3). Milton explained the source of misfortune in man by the poem.

  (4).The poet,though depicting incurrence of character in the poem,implied that the British Bourgeois Revolution is doomed to end in failure

2."Robinson Crusoe"is usually considered as Daniel Defoe's materpiece.Discuss why it became so successful when it was published?

  (1)."Robinson crusoe" is supposedly based on the real adventure of an Alexander Selkirk who once stayed alone on the uninhabited island for five years. Actullay,the story is an imagination

  (2).In "Robinson Crusoe",Defoe traces the growth of robinson from a navie and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life.

  (3).In the novel,Robinson Crusoe is a real hero and he is an embodiment of the rising middle-class virtues in the mid-18th century england

  (4). Robinson Crusoe is an adventure story very much in the spirit of the time.Because of the the above reasons,when it was published,people all liked this story,and it became an immediate success.

3.Briefly discuss why Hamlet is so impressive in Shakespare's Hamlet.

  (1).The hero hamlet in shakespare's play hamlet is noted for his hesitation to take his revenge,his melancholy nature of action only to deny possibilities to do anything.

  (2).He came to know that his father was murdered by his uncle who became the king.He hated him so deeply that he wanted to kill him.But he loved his widowed mother who later married his uncle. This made hin deep in trouble.

  (3).When he planned to kill his uncle,he was afraid ti hurt his mother.andso,when everything was ready for him to kill his uncle,he forgave him for his uncle was praying to god for his crime.

  (4).Thus he lost the good chance.hamlet represented humanism of his nature.

论学习

弗朗西斯·培根

王佐良译

读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。

练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹，全局策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。

读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接，而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。

有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读书，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。

读书时不可存心诘难读者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。

书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只需读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，取其所作摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏，淡而无味。

读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。因此不常做笔记者须记忆力特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。

读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩；凡有所学，皆成性格。

人之才智但有滞碍，无不可读适当之书使之顺畅，一如身体百病，皆可借相宜之运动除之。滚球利睾肾，射箭利胸肺，慢步利肠胃，骑术利头脑，诸如此类。如智力不集中，可令读数学，盖演题需全神贯注，稍有分散即须重演；如不能辩异，可令读经院哲学，盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人；如不善求同，不善以一物阐证另一物，可令读律师之案卷。如此头脑中凡有缺陷，皆有特效可医。

MAIN  IDEA:In the essay,Bacon attempts to discuss rather analytically the use and abuse of studies,the proper and improper with to pursue one's studies,and also the effect of the different kinds of studies upon human character.

本文论述了学问的用途和读书治学的目的和方法。作者认为，读书为学有三方面的用途：即娱乐（独处幽居）、装饰（高谈阔论）和增长才识。而治学的目的则是为了“推敲细思”。在治学方法方面，他主张对不同的书应采取选读、全读、勤读、精读的不同读法，以取得最高效益。而且，读书应与会谈、写作、笔记结合起来，与弥补自身“人之才智有滞碍”结合起来，“凡有所学，皆成性格”。这些观点，在一定程度上反映了他的唯物主义思想和重视实验科学的态度，至今仍有认识意义和参考价值。